Chronology of Events Related to Stanley Civilian Internment Camp: View pages

Franklin Gimson ended yesterday in cautious mood, determined to do nothing to provoke the Japanese Government into abdicationg responsibility. But this morning he's swung in the opposite direction and decided to try to implement the instructions in the message he rceived yesterday from Y. C. Liang to the full. In his meeting with the Japanese he tells them they must arrange his office in town as a matter of urgency, that he will be taking over government of Hong Kong and that the Japanese army should withdraw to designated areas - they will still control these areas, but the rest of Hong Kong will be under British administration.

This is a highly risky scheme, and by the end of the day Gimson has changed his mind at least enough to allow R. A. C. North to send out a much more cautious message at a meeting of the people who are in discussion with their Japanese counterparts about taking over the running of Hong Kong's infrastructure.

If the Japanese responded to the plan for a troop withdrawal, no record remains, and from tomorrow until the arrival of Harcourt's fleet Gimson will operate his previous plan of taking symbolic control but only carrying out such actions as will not encroach on Japanese authority.

Nineteen people from Stanley, including two children, visit Bowen Road Hospital. They are forced to stay the night because of stormy weather in  the harbour.

Sources:

Gimson and North: MInutes of meetings with the Japanese and with the British departmental heads, August 24th (Hong Kong Public Records Office)

Hospital: Donald C. Bowie, Captive Surgeon In Hong Kong, 1975, 259

Death of Muriel Hassard, the former matron of the Diocesan Boys' School, aged 59.

During the hostilities she had looked after the younger boys with the help of an old boy of the school, P. A. Waller. She and her charges were evacuated from Kowloon on December 11, and some of the  boys were interned with her in Stanley.

Readers back home are given re-assuring news of the Japanese Camps as a whole - 'Prison-Camp gates have been thrown open, Tokyo announced last night' - and learn a little about Hong Kong:

In Hongkong the 3,000 British prisoners have been told of the surrender and have agreed to stay put until the Allies arrive. They are allowed to use buses and ferries to go into the city and to nearby Kowloon.

Sources:

Hassard:http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=98-miRI2yAwC&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&dq=kan+yuet-keung+hong+kong+war&source=bl&ots=sEOGakAvlC&sig=WmNIBq43ChmoKJ1vQSwj1CIsQ5o&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XdFcU6KpG8rtObjbgcgI&ved=0CFUQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=kan%20yuet-keung%20hong%20kong%20war&f=false

Report: Daily Express, August 25, 1945, page 1

Notes:

1) The source cited misdates the death to August 26 when Mrs Hassard was buried - see Barbara Anslow's diary for that date.

2) I'm not sure of the source of this report. The general point - prisoners staying put - is accurate, but the estimate of numbers and the claim (which was repeated in a sub-headline) that buses were running should be treated with suspicion.

Today Arthur May begins an epic journey to Macao to cable London through the link used by British Consul John Reeves. The message he bears is from Franklin Gimson, asking for permission to set up an interim British administration over Hong Kong ((For details see the entry for August 23rd)).

After leaving Kowloon at about 8 a.m. on a sampan provided by Selwyn-Clarke through Yaumati Ferry Company manager Raymond Young, May encounters pirates who eventually agree to take him to Macao on the promise of a reward - although at one point he still had to hide under the floorboards with foul-smelling bilge water lapping over him.

He reaches Macao about 24 hours later, on August 27th, carries out his mission, and dines with Governor Texeira.

Consul Reeves sends Gimson's message via Lisbon and it arrives on August 28th. But events have overtaken the May mission and the request is no longer relevant; just before midnight Whitehall cables a reply via Admiral Harcourt, who is fast approaching Hong Kong: he is to tell Gimson to offer his full co-operation in the military administration that is about to be established.

The period between news of the Japanese surrender and the arrival of Rear-Admiral Harcourt's fleet on August 30 is one of conflicting emotions: the end of war obviously brings great jubilation but the uprotected internees fear a final massacre by vengeful or desperate Japanese troops.

At the same time, the ordinary events of the camp continue: some of the internees make their final trip to the cemetery before the arrival of the navy, where Muriel Hassard, the former Matron of the Diocesan Boys' School who died yesterday, is buried. And Hubert Overy, formerly of William Powell Outfitters, dies today at the age of 60. Apart from the killing of H. W. Jackson by a shark off Tweed Bay beach, this will be the last death in camp.

Franklin Gimson leaves Stanley again, this time with a large party of senior civil servants (like Robert Minnitt, described by one source as his 'right hand man') and support staff. His aim is to set up a provisional government, so that when Harcourt arrives, power can be handed from a British civilian to a British military administration. Otherwise, it is feared, the Chinese, with American support, might be able to take back Hong Kong - Harcourt is technically subordinate to Chiang Kai-shek, the Supreme Allied Commander in the China war zone.

Gimson makes his administration's headquarters in the former French Mission building, which has been procured by two Royal Scots officers:

It was a skeleton government in a horribly literal sense. Emaciated, their bones protruding, the newly freed internees sat in rags around tables on which blankets had been spread 'to procure some dignity,' while the Chief Justice ((Sir Atholl MacGregor)) mortally sick, dispensed legal advice from a palliasse on the floor.

At the same time, many of the Stanley nurses leave to work outside camp.

Sources:

May: Selwyn Selwyn-Clarke, Footprints, 1975, 99; Arthur May Papers, Hong Kong University Library Special Collections, A4; telegram from Reeves, August 28th, 1945, British National Archive

Overy: Geoffrey Emerson, Hong Kong Internment, 2011, Appendix 'Deaths in Internment'

Gimson leaving Stanley: Camp Log, IWM; Philip Snow, The Fall of Hong Kong, 2003, 250

Franklin Gimson broadcasts from a restaurant with a link to the old Z.B.W. radio station on the top of the Gloucester Building

As the chief representative of the British Government now resident in Hong Kong, I have already established an office in the City of Victoria, with the concurrence of the Japanese, and have in preparation the essential steps towards resuming the British administration on the arrival - which I trust will not be much longer deferred - of the British Forces to take the surrender of the Colony.

Notice the careful wording: he is not claiming to have set up an administration, only to be 'in preparation' for one. Nevertheless, the broadcast as a whole, with its congratulations to the British crown on victory in the war and its survey of conditions in Hong Kong, manages to subtly convey British authority. The transmission is a triumph for Gimson's policy of staking a British claim to continued rule over Hong Kong without provoking the Japanese into handing over immediate power, which Gimson knew he was unable to exercise. In fact, no claim will be necessary: the Chinese, in the absence of whole-hearted American support, have reluctantly backed down, and Admiral Harcourt is not far from Hong Kong waters.

Source:

The text of Gimson's broadcast is in the South China Morning Post for September 1st, 1945; see also G. B. Endacott and Alan Birch, Hong Kong Eclipse, 1978, 230

A 'rainy, leaden, steamy day'.

At noon Harcourt's fleet catches its first sight of the 'storm-clouded island of Hong Kong'. Planes ('hell cats') are making regular sorties to protect the ships, but there is no opposition.

Commander Phillip 'Percy' Gick flies a reconnaissance plane over Hong Kong. He passes above the Camps twice; the first time they seem empty, but the second time large crowds wave at him.

The Canadian ship Prince Robert, part of Harcourt's fleet, anchors off Tamkan Island at about 1 p.m.

The US Air Force drop food and medical supplies into Stanley:

On the third run of the plane a package came down and a parachute opened. Everybody was dancing up and down. There was a great rush to Block 13 to open it. It contained medical supplies...People stated to fight over the parachute...15 parachutes came down...there were 40 cases.

American missionary Beth Nance had volunteered to  forego the repatriation of June 29/30, 1942, hoping to be of service. Today is Mrs Nance's birthday:

In the week of August 26, some friends of mine in Hong Kong who had not been interned, including Mrs. Koeppen, decided they were going to come celebrate my birthday, which was on the 29th. We were at the home of another family internee hosting this celebration....

During this friendly celebration reuniting with our Hong Kong friends, we heard the roar of a plane, and here came parachutes of treats landing on the lawn in front of our building. Of course, first they had to be opened and investigated to see what they were. The initial distribution took place, and it added quite a lot to the refreshments we were having.

Mrs Koeppen was a Russian refugee of German origin, and she and her husband had not been interned by the Japanese.

Telephone engineer Les Fisher leaves Shamshuipo to visit friends in Stanley:

The first thing which struck me was the gay colours of the women, and not having seen a female for nearly four years I was a little shy at their dress, or rather undress, which was very scanty, no doubt partly because it was a hot day. I thought they looked fairly well, but thin, likewise the children. Many of the men I hardly knew, and greying hair was much in evidence.

One of the friends he speaks to is his former room-mate James Anderson, who's recently returned from Canton where he was imprisoned for the last few months of the war:

He had lost 20 lbs and looked very thin but his humour was just the same.

R.A.O.C. man James O'Toole makes his second visit from Shamshuipo to Stanley ((see entry for August 22)):

Visit to Stanley saw Pilkington & some police friends. Parcels dropped by parachute, medical supplies and meal units, chocolate etc.....Saw Jim and Nan Moody also Mrs. Lancaster. Bill saw old Smyth. Saw ships on the horizon.

An Australian mine-sweeper is anchored just off Stanley Peninsula. A female internee swims out to it, and others follow. One of their number is horrified by the behaviour of some of these people:

They acted like a mob....(like a cloud of locusts) they gorged everything in sight. And what they couldn't stuff into themselves, they carried away.

This 'flock of vultures' breaks open the sailors' lockers and steals clothes, boots and personal possessions.

Sources:

First sight, hell cats: The Times, August 30, 4 

Glick, Minesweeper: Russell S. Clark, An End To Tears, 1946, 14, 16, 17, 18

Parachutes: George Wright-Nooth, Prisoner of the Turnip Heads, 1994, 250

Nance: http://bethnance.com/

Fisher: Les Fisher, I Will Remember, 1996, 239

O'Toole:  Diary of Staff-Sergeant James O'Toole:

http://www.far-eastern-heroes.org.uk/James_OToole/html/dairy_1945.htm

Note: 'Percy' Gick was later put in charge of suppressing the pirates who preyed on the ships bringing vital rice supplies to Hong Kong.

Thanks to Elizabeth Ride for contributing this text from the diary of Capt  H. L. White, Winnipeg Grenadiers, who had been a POW in Shamshuipo camp:

"Aug.30, 1945.  Had a great day today.  Some of the people in Stanley sent invitations to Canadians to come over for a visit.  I went along with Ted, visited some nurses.  Had a very nice time.  They were so glad to see us, gave us a nice lunch.  We took some liquour.  Had a swim.

While there the British fleet that has been lying off the Island for the past two days suddenly decided to move in.  Vice-Admiral Harcourt and guard visited Stanley camp.  Had a flag raising ceremony.  The cheering was terrific, the children went crazy. ... ..."

The original is held in the Imperial War Museum, London.

The sky was clear and clean. There was no wind - just the faintest dawn breeze. The sun was storming up out of the China Sea in a roar of colour.

It's the day the Colony's been waiting for since December 25, 1941, and, as it unfolds, the weather is perfect:

(A) brilliant sun is scorching its way across a blue sky dotted with white clouds. A breeze from the east makes it cool in the shade...

Early in the morning the internees spot Rear-Admiral Cecil Harcourt's fleet about 20 miles from Hong Kong. Larry Andrewes, former Supreme Court Registrar, makes an attempt to reach it in a Chinese fishing boat. He's picked up by a picket-boat that's on its way to Stanley to ask about conditions in Hong Kong, and taken aboard H. M. S. Maidstone. He tells Captain Shadwell that Gimson's already established a British administration in town. He then takes a bath and is given fresh clothes. He sends a huge sandwich loaf into Stanley - the recipients are moved to tears by the sight.

At 11 a.m. the Hong Kong Government issues its first communique since December 25, 1941:

Rear-Admiral Harcourt is lying outside Hong Kong with a very strong fleet...

At about noon Harcourt lands to repossess Hong Kong and assure the safety of the population. He is ready for trouble, but in fact, there is little resistance.

Rear-Admiral  Harcourt's first official duty is to visit Stanley. At 5 p.m. a truck full of marines draws up in Camp followed by three cars:

The cheering was something you hear only once in your life - if you are lucky enough to hear it once.

Prisoner Officer William Hudson begins to write to his wife Peg and son Peter who had been evacuated to Australia:

My Darlings,

            I don’t know how to start this letter, I have so much to say – and I want to say it all at once.  Well my Sweethearts – thank the Lord we have pulled through successfully.  I never for one moment thought we would lose the War, but I had a horrid feeling they would do something to us.  

He breaks off to attend the flag-raising ceremony and then resumes:

6.30 pm same day.  I have just returned from the Flag hoisting ceremony.  Admiral Harcourt came out here himself, although he landing at 12 the Japs asked 24 hours to decide, he gave them ½ hour to get out of the Dockyard, he then landed troops with tanks and after firing a few shots took command, I believe the Chinks waiting outside the Yard Gate with bamboos and knocking lumps off them.  Anyway he got here by 5.15 pm, and believe me Peg it was heartbreaking.  The bugle call - hoisting all Allied flags - lowering to half mast for the dead - the hoisting again - yes tears rolled down my cheeks - as it did to hundreds of others.  Later in the evening a Naval {officer} Shadwell of HMS Maidstone i/c of submarines gave us a thrilling talk of the doings of his submarines saying the Navy had often watched us through their periscopes.  

One internee has a rare experience:

FATHER GREETED BY OWN SON

When Mr. L. R. Brown was liberated from Stanley Camp, Hong Kong, first of his rescuers to greet him was his own son, Harold . 

Harold Brown, a stoker on the depot supply ship Maidstone, had gone ashore with the first landing party

Mr Brown was former managing director of the China Constitution Company. His wife who lives in Bannerman Street, Cremorne received word of his release.

Not quite the one described though - the liberator was in fact his older brother.

George Wright-Nooth brings his diary to an end after forty-two months. The last words:

We are all celebrating!

Back in the UK they read about Gick's flight (see yesterday) and learn what's going on from Gimson's own lips:

As chief representative of the British Government now resident in Hongkong I have already established an office in the city of Victoria with the concurrence of the Japanese authorities.

Spouses, friends and relatives of those in Hong Kong can be fairly sure that the general situation is under control. But the agonising wait for letters or telegrams from their loved-ones still goes on.

Sources:

Sky clear/Cheering: Russell Clark, An End To Tears, 1946, 25;35

Brilliant sun: Les Fisher, I Will Remember, 1996, 238

Andrewes: John Luff, The Hidden Years, 1967, 227-228

Communique: John Luff, The Hidden Years, 1967, 228

Hudson letter:

http://blunderingblindlybackwards.blogspot.co.uk/2011/08/amanuensis-monday-letter-from-bill_15.html

Wright-Nooth: George Wright-Nooth, Prisoner of the Turnip Heads, 1994, 250

Brown: http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/17952818?searchTerm=&searchLimits=l-publictag=Stanley+Prison+Camp

Gick, Gimson: Daily Express, August 30, 1945, page 1

Note:

Something of the family history of Mr. Brown is given at

https://griffithreview.com/edition-29-prosper-or-perish/where-is-home

The author, his grandson, tells us that his name was Lord (not a title) Roberts Brown. He'd left Hong Kong because of the Japanese threat but was caught there on business on December 8, 1941. He fought with the Volunteers, but was advised by a Catholic priest to discard his uniform during the final hours of fighting, hence ending up in Stanley. He was so emaciated when he arrived in Australia after liberation that his wife walked straight passed his outstetched arms.

The Yorkshire Post finds a county angle to the great events currently unfolding on the other side of the world:

A Welcome Broadcast

One of the people who must have been most pleased at the British entry into Hong Kong to-day is Mrs. Gimson, of Pickering. Her husband, Mr. Franklin Charles Gimson, Colonial Secretary of Hong Kong, released from an internees' camp, broadcast a message over Hong Kong radio today. He had the misfortune to arrive to take up his post on the island only a day before it fell to the Japanese in December 1941.

 Source:

Yorkshire Post, August 31, 1945, page 2

Note:

Was Mrs. Gimson the first person in the UK to know for certain that her husband had survived internment/imprisonment in Hong Kong?

James O'Toole in Shamshuipo goes to see Joan Whiteley at Kowloon's Central British School, where the staff and patients of Bowen Road Hospital were transferred between April 9 and April 12, 1945. Ms. Whiteley was presumably one of the Queen Alexandra nurses who moved from Stanley to the hospital at the CBS following Matron Dyson's letter to Colonel Bowie - see entry for August 18, 1945

Admiral Cecil Harcourt issues Proclamation No. 1 'to establish a military administration'. Subject to any regulations enacted by the new authorities, 'All laws existing immediately prior to the Japanese occupation will be respected and administered.' 'Rights and property' acquired under the Japanese will stay in place for the moment, but are subject to later investigation. Proclamaton  No. 2, also issued today appoints Franklin Gimson Lieutenant Governor, who, subject to Harcourt's instructions, is told 'to set up and administer a civil government in the Colony.'

However, although the British Government appreciates Gimson's work during and after the war, they know he is tired and badly in need of a rest. Besides, David MacDougall, who has helped create British policy at the Hong Kong Planning Unit, is on his way to take charge of Civil Affairs in the Military Administration. London, aware of the huge debt owed to Gimson, will now try to manoeuvre him out of the colony as tactfully as possible. And his eventual reward will be the Governorship of Singapore.

Sources:

O'Toole visit: http://www.far-eastern-heroes.org.uk/James_OToole/html/dairy_1945.htm

Transfer to CBS: Donald Bowie, Captive Surgeon in Hong Kong, 1975, 247

The formal surrender of Japan takes place aboard the USS Missouri (thanks to Laura Ziegler Darnell for the link):

The first air mail leaves today, and tomorrow the internees will be told there's one going every day. Thomas Edgar dashes off a note to his family:

H. K. Hotel 

Room 321

Dear Mum and all

Great to be free again Lena & I are fit sorry no time to write any more have only just heard we can send this

Love

Lena & Ooke

The cookhouse staff, depleted by departures for town, take on a supervisory role as Chinese staff arrive to do the cooking. Perhaps some of them use their new leisure to peruse the English and Australian newspapers and periodicals - some as recent as August 18 - which are a much appreciated gift to the camp from the Fleet.

Kathleen Hackett writes to her parents-in-law:

It seemed so endless that it was often difficult to hope for any future and (we feared) that if were not starved to death there woud come a time when the Nips would butcher the lot of us.

The hospital ship Oxfordshire leaves with those former POWs and internees most in need of medical treatment. The ship had been at Subic Bay until it was ordered to join Harcourt's convoy on August 28. It took the patients to Australia and then returned to Hong Kong to evacuate more people.

Sources:

Air mail: Letter of Sybil Swift, reproduced in Andrew Leiper: A Yen For My Thoughts, 1982, 236

Thomas Edgar: Wilfred Edgar Papers, undated note, dated today on internal evidence

Staff, papers: South China Morning Post and the Hongkong Telegraph, 'Stanley Notes', September 4, 1945, p. 1 

Hackett: Greg Leck, Captives of Empire, 2006, 420

Oxfordshire: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FHG2TTT0XdQC&pg=PA427&lpg=PA427&dq=hong+kong+war+hospital+ship+oxfordshire+september&source=bl&ots=Qs4spejvqk&sig=opjg287rVhIFcqUiHukZhEcqc4Q&hl=en&sa=X&ei=FDA_Udq2M6_Y7AbXkoD4Dw&ved=0CFMQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=hong%20kong%20war%20hospital%20ship%20oxfordshire%20september&f=false

Franklin Gimson writes his first letter to his wife Dorothy and tells her the most debilitating thing about internment;

(It was) not the boredom, not the uncertainty but the nervous inter-play of personality on personality, the selfishness, the malicious trend given to any scandal, the deliberate misinterpretation of any statement and many signs of extreme nervous tension & lack of mental balance.

Telephone engineer James Anderson is brought in from Stanley to help with the rebuilding of Hong Kong's infrastructure. He's billeted in a mess in Hankow Rd. along with other technicians.

Sources:

Gimson: cited in Nicholas Tarling ed., Studying Singapore';s Past, 2012, 183

Les Fisher, I Will Remember, 1996, 245

Note: Of course all of what Franklin Gimson says is true, but the 'big picture' is rather different: in three years and eight months of more than 2,000 people constantly hungry and living in crowded accomodation there were no major crimes, no successful suicide attempts and, although I've never seen statistics to bear this out,my guess is that those given special care as 'lunatics' numbered not many more than would be expected in normal times. For more on this topic see http://gwulo.com/node/26812

My guess is the constant display of unreasonable behaviour described by Gimson helped ward off major pathologies.

Russell Clark writes:

By September 6 things {in town} were settling down... {back on the Prince Robert} They were hotly debating the Stanley internees.

It seems that the internees have made a bad impression on some of those who came in with Harcourt's fleet:

'(I)t strikes me they're squandering too much of their own sympathy on themselves.'..

'Some of those bloody internees...are screaming their spoiled heads off - when are they going home; why isn't the Red Cross doing more for them; surely the food could be better; when are they going to be allowed to leave Stanley; how they've suffered; how they're still suffering. Frankly I think a lot of them need a good kick on the stern.'

Another correspondent, Reg Harris, tells Australian readers of the quick action of Dr. Newton, who heard that the Japanese were destroying and looting medical equipment and data from Kowloon Hospital. He alerted three officers, who gathered together a squad of ten Indian soldiers who were still in a Japanese internment camp, and took them straight to the Hospital. They found the operating theatre in appalling condition - 'dry blood staining the floor, which was quarter of an inch thick in dirt and slime'. Fourteen armed Japanese were eventually forced to leave with only their personal belongings. 

Sources:

Russell S. Clark, An End To Tears, 1946, 76-78

The (Melbourne) Argus, September 6, 1945, page 3

(http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/968797)

What is perhaps the longest period spent under Japanese control of any 'European' civilians comes to an end today.

Missionaries Mildred Dibden and Ruth Little (an Australian with some nursing skills) were amongst the first civilians to encounter Japanese troops as their Fanling Babies Home is close to the border (see December 8, 1941). Through hard work, courage, dedicaton and good luck, they managed to keep the Home going throughout the occupation.

The Japanese were still responsible for the administration of the New Territories after the surrender, and in late August the Home was granted five months supply of rice.

Today two Allied planes salute the Home and soon after a car with a large Union Jack spread over the bonnet pulls up. It contains British officers who have come to escort the exhausted women to the Peninsula Hotel where they will spend the night before boarding the Empress of Australia for repatriation.

Today's South China Morning Post (page 2) gives a comprehensive list of the personnel and working location of the new administration. Franklin Gimson, now the Lieutenant Governor, is on the first floor of the Hongkong and Shanghai Bank Building (north side), as is the Colonial Secretariat under R. A. C. North. Selwyn-Clarke is heading up Medical Services from the south side of the same building. F. C. Barry of Lane, Crawford  has returned to his post as Rice Controller, but there's a new overall Food Controller - Eric Himsworth - they're based at the Mercantile Bank Buidling. Director of Information is University Vice-Chancellor Duncan Sloss at the Gloucester Building. W. J. Anderson, not long returned from his ordeal in a prison on Canton, is the Stores Controller working at the Hong Kong Cricket Club.

A number of accounts suggest that the ex-internees - including these senior ones - are often marked by mental uncertainty and lassitude. But the full list of 'departments' and offices is impressive and it suggests that the will to work is stil there. Nevertheless, the days of this determined team are coming to an end.

The advance guard of the Civil Affairs Organisation, which is to take over the tasks Gimson's administration, arrives in Hong Kong. It's headed by David MacDougall, a former Hong Kong Cadet, who at the end of the hostilities took part in the dramatic Christmas Day escape led by Admiral Chan Chak. 

Sources:

Dibden: Jill Doggett, The Yip Family of Amah Rock, 1982 ed, 196

McDougall: Nicholas Tarling ed., Studying Singapore's Past, 2012, 186

Note: Doggett gives the date of these events as September 7, and her source is clearly Miss Dibden herself. She also had access to her wartime diary. However, she only mentions one night at the Peninsula and the Empress of Australia didn't sail until September 12 due to delays. It's possible the period the missionaries spent under Japanese control was a little longer still.

According to the Daily Mirror, British seamen from the battleship Anson are fired on by Japanese.

The Times (page 4) reports today that Franklin Gimson and Dr. Selwyn-Clarke have been appointed Companions of the Order of St. Michael and St. George.

Source:

Daily Mirror, September 10, 1945, page 8

T. J. J. Fenwick, who escaped from Hong Kong in October 1942 with the help of the British Army Aid Group, arrives back in the colony. He's been sent by the Chief Manager of the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, Arthur Morse, to report on the situation there.

The battle of ideas going on during the re-occupation is reflected on the front page of this morning's South China Morning Post and Hong Kong Telegraph. An editorial headed 'The New Hong Kong' begins:

The upheaval through which humanity has lately passed shook our civilization to its foundation and brought crashing to the ground a great many outworn ideas. The brave new world is about to be built. It is most necessary that the people of Hongkong, whose minds have always been more or less isolated, insular and insulated, should realise fully that the old order has gone and can never return.

To re-inforce this point, one of the headlines reads:

NO DISCRIMINATION

Relieving Forces Caring For All Communities

Official Assurance

Whether this is happening is a matter of debate; but the fact that such assurances are given at all has its own signifance.

The first service since liberation is held in St John's Cathedral.

Sources:

Fenwick: Maurice Collis, Wayfoong, 1965, 234

Service: http://www.stjohnscathedral.org.hk/history.html

Note:

See also September 16, 1945

An important moment in the return to normal life: Aaron Landau announces that the popular Jimmy's Kitchen is re-opening today. He also gives notice that he had no connection with Wong Po Tin who ran the Sai Mun Cafe on the same premises between May 1 and September 9, 1945.

The Landau family acted courageously in providing both legal and ilegal relief to Stanley during the war and were punished for it by the Kempeitai.

Source:

South China Morning Post, September 10, 1945, p. 2

The Empress of Australia finally leaves Junk Bay after delays caused by boarding problems. It carries former POWs from Shamshuipo and 550 former internees – mainly women and children.

Spome of the thousand or so internees left behind spend the day moving into new accomodation - 'overcrowding is a thing of the past' - as Chinese workers under military supervision clear up the camp. These workesr are well reawrded: the repatriates were strictly limited in what they were could take on board, and the cleaners are allowed to take any serviceable articles and food they can find.

The internees are also asked to choose from four options: 1) evacuation on the first ship out; 2) evacuation on the second ship out; 3) evacuation on a subsequent ship; 4) remaining permanently in Hong Kong.

Those who choose to remain are warned that any negative consequences from foregoing the chance to recuperate are on their own heads.

In Britain the Daily Mirror (page 5)  publishes the well-known photograph of a man ((now identified as R. E. Jones)) raising the Unon Jack at Stanley on August 30. The paper undertstandably but wrongly claims it was the first time the flag has flown in Hong Kong since 'Black Christmas' in 1941: in fact the British flag has been raised at least three times since the Japanese surrender, in Ma Tau-wai, on the Peak and in Shamshuipo (probably in that order) - 

Sources:

Empress: A report dated September 11 in the Weekly China Mail: http://gwulo.com/node/11446

Events at Stanley: South China Morning Post and the Hongkong Telegraph, 'Cleaning Up Stanley', September 12, 1945, p. 1 (Morning Edition)

Note:

The Empress was originally due to sail on September 9. The report mentioned above predicts it will get away on September 11, and I think it likely that it did. However, one good source gives September 12:

 http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-BPF4512OccupationofChinaCoast1945.htm

Barbara Anslow noted that her mother and sister boarded on September 10:

http://gwulo.com/node/17094

Death of James Carson Ferguson at the age of 64. Mr. Ferguson spent five months in Stanley before being 'guaranteed out' to join his wife and four children. In 1944 they were all interned in Ma Tau-chung Camp. At his death he was living at Dr. Atienza's residence in Lock Road, Kowloon. He was a leading Freemason.

It's time for G. A. C. Herklots, now Director of Fisheries, to put into practice plans devised in Stanley, The front page of today's China Mail announces that a Fish  Wholesale Market will soon be set up in Central. Anyone wishing to sell at this or any other market will have to join a newly-formed Fish Wholesale Association.

A letter from a disillusioned 'Essential Services' worker sent early into Hong Kong complains about the conditions they're experiencing: they don't have much to eat while Stanley's got butter in quantity, cheese, oranges, apples, chocolate and so on.

Sources:

Ferguson: South China Morning Post and the Hongkong Telegraph, 'Cleaning Up Stanley', September 12, 1945, p. 1 (Evening Edition)

Letter: China Mail, September 12, 1945, page 2

The British Military Administration publishes a scale of punishments, including the death penalty for anyone inciting insurrection or publishing, possessing or circulating printed matter critical of the Administration, or 'in the interests of the enemy'.

'The enemy' - as Philip Snow, points out, this seems an example of the tendency to 'elide Japan and China into a single antagonist'! 

Source:

Philip Snow, The Fall of Hong Kong, 2003, 273