Berlin Mission / Bethesda Orphanage [1861-????]

The "Berlin Mission" on the 1901 map is the site of the "Findelheim Bethesda" - "Orphanage Bethesda". The foundation stone for the building was laid in 1861. The orphanage sheltered female babies and girls that were "thrown away" in southern China. Although strictly banned by imperial chinese law "throwing away" girls was a sad habit for poverty stricken southern-chinese parents. Girls were left to die in the fields or the streets or were handed over as wasted girls to missionaries. Disabilities of all kinds were another reason to leave a female child behind. To foster these little girls the "Berliner Frauen Missionverein für China", the "Berlin Ladies Missionary Society" was founded in Berlin in 1850 as an initiative by Karl Gützlaff, Charles Gutzlaff.

The orphanage developed to be a renowned school for disadvantaged Chinese girls. The girls excelled in the annual Bellilios Exams and took a career from "left to die in the streets" to a western and modern education. The aim of the Berlin Missionary Ladies was to raise "good Christian housewifes" and to marry them off to to good Christian Chinese husbands to spread the gospel into China. Some of them became nurses, teachers or even doctors. After leaving the orphange they always kept a close relation to their orphange.

The Findelhaus Bethesda was closed down in WWI as enemy property. More than 1000 girls went through this renowned educational institution until then.

I wonder, if any family in Hong Kong or Southern China can trace back it´s roots to that home. It had a great influence in Hong Kong and Southern China. My wife, for example, met by chance a lady in Stuttgart, Germany, whose ancestor had been a teacher at the Orphange Bethesda. So, if there are there any offsprings of the "Findelheim Bethesda", please contact through gwulo.com.

Pupils of the blind school in Hong Kong (China)

Annotation translation: [On the reverse of the card there stands printed:]

"The fate of a chinese girl is sad. But the fate of her blind sister is terrible. Many blind girls are either poisoned or buried alive by their relatives or they are sold to wicked women who subject them to a life of shame. The missions have taken up this problem and founded asylums for the blind where they are cared for and taught braille, knitting, straw-weaving and other occupations. The home for the blind in Hong Kong, run by the Berlin Womens' Association, is one such asylum. Many of these unhappy creatures have found a true home there - but also a Father with a heart for them.

[Edit: links to Basel Mission photos at USC removed.  See http://gwulo.com/node/6029]

Annelise & David, thank you for your replies.

David, you are absolutely right: life was hard for the saved girls. Besides school they had to run the household of the orphanage. Only on rare occasions they could leave the premises. Their Chinese non-Christian background was talked down, although the Missionaries appreciated and admired the Chinese culture. Raised in the modern ambience of Hong Kong they later found themselves living in rural Southern China. Some hence complained that they had not been taught anything to handle the life of a farmer´s wife. The nurses, teachers and doctors were better off. On the other hand these girls were far more self-reliant than the average Chinese girl and well educated and better prepared for the future China was about to face.

Annelise, thanks for the pictures. They are from the USC collection of the Basel Mission, not Berlin. I love to page through them. In times of turmoil in China the missionaries of all the various societies fled to Hong Kong for shelter. And it is difficult to get them in order. Here´s an overview of the early Protestant German-speaking missionary societies of the early days:

The first missionaries with German-speaking background came in 1847 from the Basel Mission and the Rheinische Mission (Barmer Mission) – they developed to today´s Tsung Tsin Mission, and Chinese Rhenish Church.

In 1850 the first and only missionary of the Chinese Foundation, Chinesische Stiftung, based in Kassel stepped ashore. He felt very desolate and got engaged with a Chinese non-Christian lady. (Western women were a rare species in Hong Kong in those times.) He was ordered back in 1853 and fired. The Chinese Foundation ceased to exist shortly afterwards.

In 1853 a missionary married couple arrived. He had been sent by the Berliner Hauptverein für China, Berlin Missionary Main-Association for China, his wife by the Berliner Frauen Missionsverein für China, Berlin Ladies Missionary Association. She was the one, who started the work with the orphaned girls which later became the Berlin Foundling Home Bethesda, the “Berlin Mission” Building on the 1901 map located in High Street.

1896 the Hildesheimer Blindenmission, today´s Ebenezer School & Home for the visually Impaired, commenced its work. (@gwulo: Home for the Blind)

The Berlin Foundling House, situated in High Street, off Bonham Road, was founded by the Berlin Ladies Mission in the year 1861. The first lady missionary from this society arrived in Hongkong in 1850 and resided for a time at Morrison Hill, the centre of Educational and Mission Work at that period. As its name implies, the Mission had in view the saving of those female children which, by long established custom, the native mothers have been brought up to discard, throw away, abandon, leave on the road side to die. In Chinese family life the female off-spring is thought little of, and should she be allowed to live, has, through her years of girlhood, without the slightest effort to educate her, to act as a general drudge for the rest of the family. This is more particularly when she is not considered sufficiently good-looking for the cultivation of small feet.

On a child entering the Foundling House it becomes the property, so to speak, of the Mission, who educate and train her to a useful life, and in a great many cases, see her comfortably settled as the wife of an educated native preacher of one of the many societies doing Mission work in the neighbourhood. The institution is supported by the generosity of patrons at home and in the Colony.

Source: The Tourist's Guide to Hong Kong, with short trips to the Mainland of China (1897) by HURLEY, R. C.

I've put a query about the Berlin Foundling Chapel under "Louis Kirchmann". Kirchmann held the wedding of his Eurasian daughter, Carolina, there in 1888 and I'm wondering if the chapel was within the Berlin Foundling Mission and whether it was usual for the daughters of German fathers and Chinese mothers to be married there.

Jill

I've now found the relevant article on the German Congregation by Carl Smith in RASHKB Vol 15 as follows:

"The Hong Kong Blue Books under 'Ecclesiastical Returns' lists as a place of worship for Europeans the chapel of the Berlin Mission House from 1871 through 1919, though services were probably not held during the war years (...) The congregation originally met in the chapel within the Berlin Foundling House, but in 1881 they occupied a small chapel built on the same premises. (...) For some reason the services were moved in 1902 to the Church Hall of Union Church. Here the group met until 1904 as the "Deutsche Kirchen and Schulegemeinde." It then moved back to Bethesda Chapel, where services were held until the congregation was broken up by the outbreak of the War in 1914."

I wonder if the Berlin Mission chapel was rebuilt in 1902. On the Chinese Rhenish Church, Bonham Road page here, there is a picture of a bell that is on display dated 1903 that likely came from the Berlin Mission House chapel

From the 1921 Public Works Report: “Harbour View” (late Berlin Foundling Home).—This building was converted into flats to provide additional accommodation for European Subordinate Officers.

I wonder what happend to the Chapel? Particularly to the painting above the altar? The oil  painting of the "The Good Shepherd" was by the renowned artist Carl Gottfried Pfannschmidt (1819-1887).

My doctoral thesis covers the final years of the Berlin Foundlings Home. Governor May allowed the German women missionaries to stay in Hong Kong to look after their children during the war. When the war ended in 1919, the acting governor Severn was more interested in the large site occupied by the Foundlings Home, than the 106 little children under its care. With the help of the Church Missionary Society, the Hong Kong Government expelled the German sisters and moved the foundlings to Ebenezer Blind School (which was also a German mission institution) under the care of the CMS missionaries.  However very soon the foundlings were no longer under the CMS care. Most of them were "adopted" by wealthy Chinese Christians in Hong Kong, including a 7 year-old Wong Tak Yau who was involved in a Muitsai dispute between Mrs Halsewood and the Hong Kong  government in 1919.  

For more details, please refer to my thesis freely downloadable at the hyperlink  below https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/studentTheses/aggression-and-unity-…